BJMC vs General Mass Communication: Which Degree Is Right for You?

India produces an estimated 300,000-plus media and communication graduates every year, yet students choosing between a BJMC degree and a general mass communication program routinely encounter recycled advice with no real curriculum comparison or salary data behind it. The labels sound interchangeable. They are not. A Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication is a professionally focused credential built around newsroom skills, media production, and applied PR. A general mass communication degree, whether labeled BMC, BA Mass Comm, or BMM, covers a wider theoretical canvas but often leaves graduates without a defined specialty.

The gap between the two shows up most clearly at the hiring stage, where employers in digital media, corporate communication, and broadcast journalism increasingly favor candidates with production portfolios over those with broad survey coursework. Understanding the digital communication vs mass communication curriculum divide is a useful first step toward making that distinction concrete before you commit to either path.

What Is a BJMC Degree? Structure, Duration, and Professional Focus

A Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication (BJMC) is a professional, journalism-forward undergraduate degree designed to produce graduates who can walk into a newsroom, PR agency, or digital content studio and contribute from day one. Unlike broader media studies programs, a BJMC places hands-on production skills at the center of every semester.

Duration, Eligibility, and Degree Tracks

Most BJMC programs run for three years after 10+2 completion in any stream, meaning science, commerce, and humanities students are all eligible. Several universities now offer expanded tracks that add depth and research rigor:

• Standard BJMC (3 years): Core journalism and media production coursework with mandatory internships.
• BJMC Honours (4 years, 160 credits): Extends the curriculum to include media ethics, rural journalism, science communication, and a dissertation or capstone project.
• BJMC Honours with Research: Adds a structured research component on top of the Honours framework, preparing students for academic pathways or policy-oriented media roles.

The Honours and Research tracks are worth considering if you plan to move into editorial leadership, media policy, or graduate study, since the additional year deepens both subject expertise and analytical skills.

What You Actually Study

BJMC coursework is built around newsroom-ready competencies. Expect dedicated modules in news writing and reporting, television production, radio journalism, documentary filmmaking, mobile journalism, and podcast production. Accredited programs also typically require at least one professional internship and several portfolio deliverables before graduation. For a broader look at how bachelor's degrees in communication are structured across different institutions, it helps to compare program requirements side by side.

Those deliverables matter more than many applicants realize. By the time BJMC students finish their final semester, they typically hold a portfolio that includes completed news bulletins, produced radio shows, edited documentary segments, executed digital content campaigns, and drafted PR campaign briefs. This tangible body of work gives BJMC graduates a concrete advantage in hiring conversations, because employers can evaluate actual output rather than relying solely on transcripts.

Why the Professional Focus Matters

General mass communication programs often survey a wide range of media theory without requiring students to produce finished, portfolio-grade work. A BJMC, by contrast, treats production as non-negotiable. The curriculum assumes that every graduate will need to demonstrate competence in at least two or three media formats, whether that is broadcast video, audio storytelling, or modern journalism skills applied to digital campaign strategy.

For working professionals considering a career pivot into media, communications, or public relations, that production-centered structure is the core differentiator. You leave the program not just with a credential but with evidence of what you can do.

What Is a General Mass Communication Degree? BMC, BA Mass Comm, and BMM Explained

Narrow specialization versus broad exposure: that is the cleanest way to frame what separates a general mass communication degree from a BJMC. Where BJMC funnels you into journalism and media production from semester one, a general mass communication program keeps the door open across advertising, public relations, film, journalism, and media theory, asking you to commit to a specialization later (if at all).

The Umbrella of Names: BMC, BA Mass Comm, and BMM

The naming is genuinely confusing, and that confusion is not your fault. Indian universities use several titles for what is essentially the same breadth-focused undergraduate degree:

• BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication): A three-year program covering communication theory, media industries, and introductory production work.
• BA Mass Communication: Often housed within a liberal arts faculty, with stronger emphasis on humanities electives alongside media coursework.
• BMM (Bachelor of Mass Media): Popular in Mumbai and western India, structured around media studies with advertising and journalism streams typically declared in the second or third year.

No accreditation body enforces a single standard label, so two programs with different names may share nearly identical curricula, while two programs with the same name may differ significantly in production hours and elective structure. Always read the syllabus, not the title.

Theory-Forward, Flexibility-Heavy

General mass communication degrees lean more theoretical than BJMC. Expect substantial coursework in media studies, communication theory, sociology of media, cultural studies, and media history, with practical production time typically lighter and concentrated in later semesters. Understanding mass communication vs digital communication distinctions can help you evaluate which program structure actually fits your career target.

The payoff is elective flexibility. Students who are genuinely undecided between journalism, advertising, film criticism, or corporate communication can sample each before committing. For career changers and undergraduates who want intellectual range before vocational focus, that breadth is the entire point of the degree.

BJMC vs Mass Communication: Curriculum and Coursework Compared

The curriculum and coursework of BJMC and general mass communication degrees diverge sharply in focus, structure, and practical application, and these differences directly shape your employability and career trajectory. BJMC programs center on journalism and applied media skills, devoting most credit hours to hands-on production, reporting, editing, and digital storytelling. General mass communication degrees, by contrast, offer a broader survey of communication theory, media studies, sociology of mass media, and introductory modules in advertising, public relations, and film, typically with less emphasis on production work and more on critical analysis and research methods.¹

Semester-Level Subject Breakdown

BJMC programs typically structure their core around reporting, editing, broadcast production (television and radio), digital journalism, news writing, investigative journalism, and increasingly, AI tools for content generation and data journalism.¹ Students spend semesters working in newsrooms, studios, and digital labs, building portfolios of published or broadcast work. General mass communication programs, meanwhile, allocate early semesters to foundational theory, including media effects, communication research methods, and introductions to advertising, PR, and film studies, before moving toward more applied coursework.

Practical vs Theoretical Balance

BJMC programs mandate 40 to 60 percent of total coursework in hands-on production and portfolio-building assignments, ensuring graduates leave with tangible work samples.¹ General mass communication programs often allocate only 20 to 30 percent of credits to practicals, with the remainder devoted to theory, history, and elective breadth. This difference translates directly into immediate employability: BJMC graduates enter the job market with demo reels, published clips, and production credits, while general mass communication graduates rely more on internship experience and soft skills.

Internship and Practicum Requirements

BJMC programs usually require one to two structured industry internships, often embedded in the final year, at newspapers, TV stations, digital newsrooms, or PR agencies. General mass communication programs frequently make internships optional or shorter, leaving students to self-source placement. This gap in mandatory real-world experience amplifies the employability difference noted earlier.²

The Blurring Boundary: Contemporary BJMC Programs

Modern BJMC programs are evolving well beyond pure journalism. AAFT University's BA in Journalism and Mass Communication, for example, integrates PR strategy, corporate communication, online masters in mass communication pathways, digital marketing, event management, and AI tools alongside core journalism training, covering news writing, TV production, radio journalism, documentary filmmaking, social media journalism, mobile journalism, and podcast production.³ This convergence blurs the old BJMC-vs-mass-comm boundary, offering journalism depth with cross-functional breadth that meets today's integrated communication roles in agencies, corporate communication teams, and digital marketing firms.

Career Paths and Salary Outcomes: BJMC vs Mass Communication Graduates

Choosing between a BJMC and a general mass communication degree often comes down to a practical question: which credential opens the doors you actually want to walk through, and at what earning level? The honest answer is that publicly available salary data rarely segments outcomes by degree title alone, so building an accurate picture requires some detective work on your part.

Where BJMC and Mass Communication Career Paths Diverge

BJMC graduates tend to cluster in roles with a clear journalism or strategic communication identity: broadcast reporter, digital news producer, public relations executive, corporate communications officer, or social media strategist. The degree's structured blend of journalism practice and PR or advertising coursework gives hiring managers a recognizable signal of applied, portfolio-ready skills.

General mass communication graduates enter a broader, sometimes less defined, talent pool. The degree can lead to advertising, film production, event management, media research, or content marketing, but employers may look more closely at internships and portfolios to gauge specialization. Neither path is inherently better paid; compensation depends heavily on industry, geography, and individual skill depth. If you already know you want to work in corporate settings, organizational communication masters programs can extend your options well beyond a bachelor's credential.

How to Research Realistic Salary Ranges

Public salary benchmarks for communications roles exist, but they seldom break down earnings by specific undergraduate degree title. Here is how to get the most useful numbers:

• Glassdoor India, PayScale India, and AmbitionBox: Filter by job title (for example, "PR Executive" or "Digital Marketing Analyst") and experience level. These platforms aggregate self-reported salaries and can help you compare entry-level, mid-career, and senior compensation for the roles you are targeting.
• BLS.gov (United States): If you are considering international opportunities or want a global benchmark, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes detailed median wage data for public relations specialists, editors, broadcast analysts, and related occupations.
• IIMC placement reports and university career pages: Some Indian institutes publish average or median placement figures for their journalism and mass communication programs. These reports, when available, offer the closest thing to degree-specific salary benchmarks, though public access can be limited.
• Professional associations: Organizations such as the Public Relations Society of India and the Indian Newspaper Society periodically release industry salary surveys and trend reports. These aggregate data across employers and can help you identify which specializations command higher pay.

Fill the Gaps With Real Conversations

Because public data often lacks granularity by degree type, one of the most reliable research strategies is direct outreach. Search LinkedIn for professionals whose career arc matches your goals, note their educational background, and request a brief informational interview. Most people are willing to share general salary ranges and hiring realities when asked respectfully. Alumni networks at the universities you are considering are another underused resource; many maintain active LinkedIn groups or WhatsApp communities where recent graduates discuss placement outcomes candidly.

The bottom line: do not rely on a single data point or a generic "average salary" figure attached to either degree. Cross-reference multiple sources, filter by the specific roles and cities that interest you, and supplement published data with firsthand insights from working professionals. That layered approach will give you a far more accurate forecast than any single comparison chart.

Salary Snapshot: BJMC vs Mass Communication Graduates by Role

How do earnings compare when you hold a BJMC degree versus a general mass communication degree? The ranges below reflect typical Indian salary bands in 2026, drawing on industry hiring data for entry-level and mid-career professionals. BJMC graduates tend to command a slight premium in roles that reward specialized journalism or production skills, while general mass communication graduates start on comparable footing in broader marketing and media planning positions.

Accreditation, Recognition, and How Employers View Each Degree

Accreditation determines whether a degree is recognized for further study, government jobs, and most reputable private-sector roles. In India, that recognition flows from two main bodies: the University Grants Commission (UGC), which authorizes universities to grant degrees, and the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), which grades institutions on quality from A++ down to C. A BJMC or BA Mass Communication from a UGC-recognized university with a strong NAAC grade carries equal legal weight; one from an unrecognized institution may not be accepted for government employment or postgraduate admission at all.

Why Recognition Status Varies Across Programs

Not every program labeled "mass communication" sits at the same level. Some private institutes offer diploma or autonomous certifications that look like degrees but lack UGC backing. Before enrolling, verify three things: the university appears on the UGC's list of recognized institutions, the specific program is listed in the university's approved offerings, and the campus carries a current NAAC grade. Top-tier names like IIMC, Symbiosis Institute of Media and Communication, Manipal, and Amity attract recruiters precisely because their accreditation and reputation are settled questions.¹

What Employers Actually Look At

Based on available industry reporting through 2026, Indian media houses, PR agencies, and corporate communication teams show no systematic preference between BJMC and general mass communication degrees.¹ Recruiter surveys from major industry associations have not produced evidence that one degree title beats the other.¹ What hiring managers weigh instead: practical skills, internship history, portfolio depth, and the institute's brand.¹ College quality consistently outweighs the degree title itself, and graduates from top-ranked colleges tend to land stronger placements and higher starting salaries (typically 3 to 6 LPA for BJMC freshers², 3 to 5 LPA across UG mass communication graduates broadly³) regardless of which exact degree they hold. Reported employment rates for BJMC graduates from established programs sit near 90%.⁴ That said, the BJMC is increasingly perceived as the more professionally focused credential⁵, which can tip the balance in competitive hiring rounds.

Master's Pathway and Stackable Certifications

Both degrees qualify graduates for an MA in Journalism or Mass Communication, though a BJMC tends to provide a tighter foundation if you plan to specialize further in reporting, editing, or broadcast research. For PR, advertising, and digital communication career roles, master's admissions weigh portfolios and entrance scores more heavily than the undergraduate title.

Industry certifications increasingly level the field on either path. Google Analytics, HubSpot Inbound Marketing, Meta Blueprint, and Adobe Creative Suite credentials signal job-ready skills that recruiters can verify quickly, often mattering more in the first interview than the degree acronym on your resume.

Tuition, Total Cost, and ROI: What Each Degree Actually Costs

Public university fees versus private university fees can differ by a factor of ten or more, and that gap shapes the return on investment for both BJMC and general mass communication graduates in very different ways. Rather than quoting specific figures that may already be outdated by the time you read this, the most practical approach is to verify costs directly from authoritative sources.

Where to Find Current Tuition Figures

Fee structures for Indian universities change frequently, often varying by academic year, reservation category (general, OBC, SC/ST), and whether a program is self-financed or aided. For the most accurate numbers:

• Central and state universities: Visit the official admission portals of institutions such as Delhi University, Banaras Hindu University, or Jamia Millia Islamia. Each publishes updated fee circulars before every admission cycle.
• Private universities: Check the dedicated fee structure or prospectus pages hosted by institutions like Amity, Manipal, Symbiosis, Christ University, or AAFT University of Media and Arts. Private programs typically bundle lab fees, studio access, and placement services into a composite cost.
• Distance and online programs: The University Grants Commission (UGC) website and the Distance Education Bureau list approved institutions along with permissible fee ranges. Programs offered through IGNOU or Amity Online, for example, tend to cost considerably less than their on-campus equivalents, though the studio and production components may be limited. If you are comparing on-campus programs against online communications degrees, factor in the reduced overhead before drawing conclusions about value.

Estimating Total Cost Beyond Tuition

Tuition alone rarely captures what you will actually spend over three or four years. Hostel charges, city-specific living expenses, equipment purchases, and internship-related travel can add meaningfully to the bill. Consider these steps before committing:

• Use any financial aid or scholarship calculators provided on the university's admissions page.
• Speak with current students or recent alumni, who can share realistic monthly budgets for their campus city.
• Ask the admissions office for a detailed breakdown that separates tuition from ancillary fees.

Gauging ROI Before You Enroll

Return on investment is harder to pin down because it depends on your career trajectory, not just your starting salary. Professional bodies such as the Indian Media Studies Association occasionally publish alumni survey data that can give you a ballpark sense of earnings growth for journalism and communication graduates. Placement cells at individual universities also release aggregate employment statistics worth reviewing. For a broader framework on how to weigh degree costs against long-term salary gains, resources examining master's in communication ROI offer transferable principles even when the degree level differs.

As a general rule, a BJMC from a well-regarded public university tends to offer strong ROI because of lower upfront costs, while a BJMC or mass communication degree from a private institution may justify its higher price tag through industry partnerships, production infrastructure, and dedicated placement support. The key is to compare total cost against the specific career outcomes each program enables, something the curriculum and career sections of this article can help you evaluate.

CUET and Entrance Exams: Admission Requirements for BJMC Programs

Admission to a BJMC program in India depends on the type of university you are targeting, and the process ranges from a single national exam to direct merit-based entry. Understanding which route applies to your shortlisted institutions will save you months of misdirected preparation.

CUET-UG: The Gateway to Central Universities

The Common University Entrance Test (CUET-UG), administered by the National Testing Agency, is now the sole admission pathway for BJMC programs at central universities. Over 200 universities accept CUET scores for undergraduate admissions. For BJMC specifically, most central universities require two sections: a Language paper and the General Test.² Delhi University bases BJMC admission strictly on CUET-UG scores, and competition is intense.³ For the 2026 cycle, expected cut-off scores at DU fall in the 680 to 720 range out of 800, translating to roughly the 95th to 98th percentile.⁴ Even a minimum competitive score of around 650 (approximately the 90th percentile) may not guarantee a seat in the general category given limited availability.⁴

Banaras Hindu University and Jamia Millia Islamia also use CUET-UG for their journalism programs, with expected percentile thresholds landing between 88 and 95 percent at BHU⁵ and 90 to 96 percent at Jamia.⁶ Candidates aiming for any top central university BJMC seat should realistically target at least the 95th percentile.⁴

University-Specific Entrance Exams

Not all institutions route through CUET. Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University conducts its own IPU CET, which tests candidates across English proficiency, general awareness, logical ability, and media aptitude. For the 2026 admission cycle, competitive cut-off ranks for BJMC at IPU have historically fallen within the 1,000 to 5,000 range. Other state-level and private university exams, such as SET (Symbiosis Entrance Test), follow similar patterns with discipline-specific sections covering media knowledge and current affairs.

Private Universities and Direct Admission

Many private universities take a markedly different approach. Institutions like AAFT University of Media and Arts often use their own admission processes or offer direct entry based on 10+2 performance, bypassing the competitive exam route entirely. This is a practical alternative for students who want to begin their journalism or communication education without spending a gap year on entrance exam preparation. If you are also considering postgraduate options later, note that master's in communication prerequisites vary widely depending on whether your undergraduate degree is in a related field.

Eligibility Basics

Regardless of the admission route, the baseline eligibility for BJMC programs is straightforward:

• Stream: Completion of 10+2 in any stream (science, commerce, or humanities).
• Minimum marks: Most programs require 45 to 50 percent in qualifying exams for general category applicants.
• Reserved categories: Relaxation in minimum percentage is typically available per government norms.

If your goal is a central university seat, start CUET preparation early and focus on the Language and General Test sections. If flexibility and hands-on training matter more to you than university prestige rankings, private university admission offers a faster, less stressful entry point into the field.

How Modern BJMC Programs Are Evolving: AAFT University Case Study

Traditional BJMC programs trained reporters and editors; the modern BJMC trains communicators who can move fluidly between a newsroom, a PR agency, and a brand's content team. To see how that shift looks in practice, it helps to examine a specific program rebuilding its curriculum around it. AAFT University of Media and Arts in Raipur, Chhattisgarh offers a useful case study, and the details below come from a Newswav feature published on 19 June 2026.¹

A Curriculum Built for Convergence

AAFT's Bachelor of Arts in Journalism and mass communication integrates skill sets that older syllabi treated as separate tracks. Students study news writing, TV production, radio journalism, documentary filmmaking, social media journalism, mobile journalism, and podcast production alongside corporate communication, PR strategy, advertising, digital marketing, event management, and applied AI tools. The point is not to dilute journalism training, but to acknowledge that today's communication graduates often pivot between editorial and strategic roles, and need fluency in both.

Infrastructure That Supports Production-First Learning

The 27-acre campus houses a TV studio equipped with multi-camera setups, professional lighting, teleprompters, and broadcast-grade audio gear. That kind of facility matters because the pedagogy is portfolio-first: students graduate with real news bulletins, radio shows, documentary segments, digital content campaigns, and PR campaign briefs they can show employers, not hypothetical class assignments. For a hiring manager at a regional PR firm or a digital marketing agency, that demonstrable output is often the deciding factor.

Multiple Entry and Exit Points

AAFT structures the degree as a progression rather than a single endpoint. The standard BA runs three years; a four-year Honours and Honours with Research track adds up to 160 credits and layers in media ethics, rural journalism, science communication, and dissertation research for students aiming at specialized practice or graduate study. A two-year MA in Journalism and Mass Communication is open to graduates from any undergraduate discipline, which is useful for career changers pursuing a master's in communication from business, technology, or the humanities who want to enter communication fields without restarting their education.

Which Degree Should You Choose? A Decision Framework

Which degree delivers the career outcomes you actually want: BJMC or a broader mass communication degree? While both can launch rewarding careers, the right choice depends on a clear-eyed look at labor market demand, program results, and employer perceptions. Use this decision framework to compare your options systematically.

Start with official labor market data

Before getting lost in program catalogs, ground your decision in neutral employment data. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS.gov) publishes occupation-specific profiles that show current employment numbers, median salaries, typical education requirements, and ten-year growth projections. For communication graduate jobs, you can compare roles like public relations specialist, market research analyst, technical writer, and broadcast announcer side by side. Pay attention to which roles list a focused journalism background as a preferred credential versus those that favor a broader marketing or strategic communication lens. Also note where job growth is fastest; that often signals where a specialized degree like BJMC may give you a competitive edge, or where a more flexible degree keeps more doors open.

Go directly to program outcome pages

Official school websites are your next stop. Look for dedicated "career outcomes" or "alumni success" sections; many programs now publish placement rates, graduate salary surveys, or lists of top employers. If you don't see these, contact the department and ask for recent data on enrollment trends and completion rates. Steadily increasing enrollment in a BJMC program may indicate growing market confidence in the degree, while strong completion rates suggest students find the curriculum valuable and manageable. Compare these metrics across the specific programs you're considering.

Tap into professional association insights

Industry groups conduct employer perception studies and member benchmarking that can clarify how each degree is viewed. The Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) or the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) sometimes release survey findings about hiring preferences. When you find such reports, note whether employers prize the focused journalism skills of a BJMC graduate or the broader strategic communication toolkit of a mass communication major. Even without formal surveys, browsing job boards on association career centers can reveal which degree appears most often in preferred qualifications.

Study real career paths on LinkedIn

Finally, turn to LinkedIn to see what alumni actually do. Use the "alumni" search tool on a school's page and filter by the degree name (BJMC or BA/BMC in Mass Communication). Scan the job titles of recent graduates. Are BJMC graduates landing newsroom, online communications degree roles, or content producer positions while mass communication grads fan out into public relations, marketing, or corporate communication? Pay attention not just to first jobs but to career progression over five or ten years. This observational data can be as telling as any formal survey.

Bring these four sources together and you'll have a fact-based picture of which degree lines up with your career goals. There is no single right answer; only the answer that matches the path you want to walk.

Frequently Asked Questions About BJMC vs Mass Communication

Choosing between a BJMC degree and a general mass communication program raises practical questions about career outcomes, further education, and day-to-day coursework. Below are straightforward answers to the most common questions prospective students ask when weighing these two paths.

Which is better, Mass Communication or journalism?

Neither is universally better; the right choice depends on your career target. If you want to work as a reporter, anchor, or documentary filmmaker, a journalism-focused degree like BJMC gives you the specialized training and portfolio projects employers expect. A general mass communication degree is broader and suits students who are still exploring whether they prefer advertising, film studies, or media theory over newsroom work.

Is BJMC worth it?

Yes, for students who want a career-ready credential. BJMC programs typically include hands-on production in news writing, TV production, radio journalism, podcast creation, and corporate communication. Graduates leave with portfolio pieces (news bulletins, PR campaign briefs, digital content campaigns) rather than just theoretical knowledge, which makes them more competitive when applying to media houses, PR agencies, and corporate communication departments.

What is the difference between BJMC and mass communication?

BJMC (Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication) pairs journalism skills like reporting, editing, and broadcast production with strategic communication disciplines such as PR strategy, advertising, and digital marketing. A general mass communication degree, often labeled BA Mass Comm or BMM, covers media theory, film appreciation, and cultural studies more broadly but typically offers less depth in newsroom techniques and fewer structured portfolio requirements.

Can I do a Master's after a general mass communication degree?

Absolutely. Most MA Journalism and Mass Communication programs accept graduates from any undergraduate discipline, including general mass communication. For example, AAFT University's two-year MA program is open to graduates from any bachelor's background. A general mass communication degree actually provides a solid foundation for pivoting into a more specialized master's track in journalism, PR, or digital media.

What are the career options after BJMC vs mass communication?

BJMC graduates commonly enter roles in print and broadcast journalism, social media management, corporate communication, PR strategy, and digital marketing. General mass communication graduates find opportunities in advertising, event management, media planning, film production, and content writing. The key difference is that BJMC holders often have production-ready portfolios that give them an edge for roles requiring demonstrated media output from day one.

Is BJMC better than BA Journalism for PR and corporate communication careers?

For PR and corporate communication specifically, BJMC often holds an advantage. Its curriculum integrates PR strategy, advertising, corporate communication, and event management alongside journalism training. A standalone BA in Journalism tends to concentrate on editorial skills. If your goal is to work in a PR agency or a corporate communications department, BJMC's broader skill set (writing, media relations, campaign planning, digital marketing) aligns more directly with those job descriptions.

Can I switch from mass communication to journalism at the master's level?

Yes, and it is a common transition. Many MA Journalism programs welcome applicants from general mass communication backgrounds because you already have foundational media literacy. You will need to build reporting and production skills quickly, but programs designed for cross-discipline entry (like AAFT University's MA program) structure their coursework to bring students from varied backgrounds up to professional standards within the first year.

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